Add portable CPU longhaul support

common/arg.cpp

@@ -2631,7 +2631,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
     ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_LOAD_MODE"));
     add_opt(common_arg(
         {"--longhaul"},
-        "stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE experts through a bounded Metal cache",
+        "stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE or Laguna experts through a bounded CPU or Metal cache",
         [](common_params & params) {
             params.load_mode = LLAMA_LOAD_MODE_LONGHAUL;
         }

docs/longhaul.md

@@ -11,45 +11,16 @@ llama-cli \
     --model /path/to/model.gguf \
     --longhaul \
     --longhaul-cache 2 \
-    --n-gpu-layers 99
+    --n-gpu-layers 0
 ```
 
 `--longhaul-cache` is the expert cache budget in GiB. It is required when `--longhaul` is used. The same options are accepted by `llama-server`.
 
-## RPC mode
+The command above runs every repeating layer on CPU and is supported on macOS,
-
+Linux, and Windows. On macOS, the existing all-Metal mode remains available by
-RPC longhaul keeps the paging loop on the accelerator host so expert payloads do
+using `--n-gpu-layers 99` instead. Longhaul does not silently change device
-not cross the network during generation. Build both hosts with `-DGGML_RPC=ON`.
+placement: an unsupported GPU or mixed CPU/GPU repeating-layer placement fails
-Place the same GGUF shard files on both hosts, preserving their basenames, then
+with guidance to use `--n-gpu-layers 0`.
-start the Metal host with the directory containing those shards:
-
-```sh
-ggml-rpc-server \
-    --device MTL0 \
-    --longhaul-root /path/to/model-directory \
-    --host 192.168.1.20
-```
-
-Start the client normally:
-
-```sh
-llama-server \
-    --model /local/path/model.gguf \
-    --rpc 192.168.1.20:50052 \
-    --longhaul \
-    --longhaul-cache 2 \
-    --n-gpu-layers 99
-```
-
-RPC longhaul currently requires all repeating layers on one remote Metal device.
-The server validates each shard basename, size, GGUF metadata layout digest, and
-every registered expert range before decoding. An older server, a server without
-`--longhaul-root`, or a shard mismatch is a fatal model-load error; the client
-does not fall back to sending expert slices over RPC.
-
-`--longhaul-root` grants connected RPC clients read access to registered byte
-ranges in files in that directory. The RPC server remains experimental and
-insecure and must not be exposed to an untrusted network.
 
 Longhaul may reduce `--ubatch-size` so that every expert selected by one graph segment can be present in the cache at the same time. The effective value is logged during context creation. If one token selects more experts than the cache has slots, the routed MoE computation is split into multiple stages and the partial results are summed. This permits smaller caches at the cost of additional graph work.
 
@@ -59,23 +30,38 @@ The normal startup warmup is skipped automatically in longhaul mode. Routed expe
 
 Longhaul currently requires:
 
-- the Metal backend, either local on macOS or on one RPC host
+- all repeating layers on CPU, or all repeating layers on Metal
 - Qwen3.5 MoE or Laguna architecture
-- all repeating model layers assigned to local Metal or one RPC Metal device
 - text generation without embeddings or LoRA adapters
 
-Longhaul does not restrict the GGUF quantization type. Individual tensor types must still be supported by Metal.
+CPU mode is available wherever the CPU backend is supported. Metal mode requires
+macOS. Longhaul does not restrict the GGUF quantization type; individual tensor
+types must still be supported by the selected compute backend.
 
-MTP/speculative decoding, tensor validation during loading, vocabulary-only loading, and CPU or mixed CPU/Metal layer placement are not supported. Both single-file and split GGUF models are supported; routed expert tensors are read from the shard that owns each tensor.
+MTP/speculative decoding, tensor validation during loading, vocabulary-only
+loading, and mixed CPU/GPU repeating-layer placement are not supported. Both
+single-file and split GGUF models are supported; routed expert tensors are read
+from the shard that owns each tensor.
 
-The cache budget covers the compact routed-expert tensors. It does not include dense weights, attention weights, the KV cache, graph allocations, or the temporary buffer used for one expert read. Disk reads bypass the macOS unified file cache where supported, avoiding a second long-lived copy of streamed weights in system RAM.
+The cache budget covers the compact routed-expert tensors. It does not include
+dense weights, attention weights, the KV cache, graph allocations, or temporary
+staging buffers. CPU expert caches use the standard directly writable tensor
+layout so individual slots can be replaced; optimized CPU buffer selection
+continues to apply to all non-streamed weights.
+
+File-cache control is best effort and is outside the explicit cache budget.
+macOS disables caching for streamed files where supported, and Linux advises the
+kernel to discard completed reads. Windows may retain file data in its system
+cache. Windows reads from one GGUF shard are serialized to preserve positional
+read correctness, while POSIX systems retain concurrent `pread` operations.
 
 This implementation synchronizes at each routed MoE layer to discover the selected experts, populate missing cache slots, and continue execution with cache-local expert IDs. Storage speed and expert reuse therefore have a large effect on generation speed.
 
 Expert IDs are planned as a batch at each synchronization point. Experts already
 needed by that batch are protected from eviction, duplicate IDs are loaded only
-once, and independent expert slices are read concurrently on shared-memory Metal
+once, and independent expert slices are read concurrently where the platform
-devices. Private Metal buffers use a staged fallback.
+supports positional reads. CPU and shared Metal buffers are populated directly;
+private Metal buffers use a staged fallback.
 
 ## Benchmarking prompt processing
 
@@ -86,7 +72,7 @@ llama-bench \
     --model /path/to/model.gguf \
     --load-mode longhaul \
     --longhaul-cache 2 \
-    --n-gpu-layers 99 \
+    --n-gpu-layers 0 \
     --n-prompt 2048 \
     --n-gen 0
 ```

ggml/include/ggml-rpc.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 #define RPC_PROTO_MAJOR_VERSION    4
 #define RPC_PROTO_MINOR_VERSION    0
-#define RPC_PROTO_PATCH_VERSION    4
+#define RPC_PROTO_PATCH_VERSION    3
 
 #ifdef  __cplusplus
 static_assert(GGML_OP_COUNT == 101, "GGML_OP_COUNT has changed - update RPC_PROTO_PATCH_VERSION");
@@ -27,49 +27,6 @@ GGML_BACKEND_API void ggml_backend_rpc_get_device_memory(const char * endpoint,
 GGML_BACKEND_API void ggml_backend_rpc_start_server(const char * endpoint, const char * cache_dir,
                                                     size_t n_threads, size_t n_devices, ggml_backend_dev_t * devices);
 
-struct ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_shard {
-    const char * name;
-    uint64_t size;
-    uint64_t metadata_size;
-    uint8_t metadata_sha256[32];
-};
-
-struct ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_source {
-    struct ggml_tensor * tensor;
-    uint32_t shard;
-    uint64_t offset;
-    uint64_t expert_size;
-    int32_t layer;
-};
-
-struct ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_params {
-    uint32_t n_layers;
-    uint32_t n_experts;
-    uint32_t n_slots;
-    size_t n_shards;
-    const struct ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_shard * shards;
-    size_t n_sources;
-    const struct ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_source * sources;
-};
-
-GGML_BACKEND_API bool ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_register(
-        const struct ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_params * params,
-        uint64_t * registration_id,
-        char * error,
-        size_t error_size);
-
-GGML_BACKEND_API void ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_unregister(
-        struct ggml_tensor * tensor,
-        uint64_t registration_id);
-
-GGML_BACKEND_API void ggml_backend_rpc_start_server_with_options(
-        const char * endpoint,
-        const char * cache_dir,
-        const char * longhaul_root,
-        size_t n_threads,
-        size_t n_devices,
-        ggml_backend_dev_t * devices);
-
 GGML_BACKEND_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_rpc_reg(void);
 GGML_BACKEND_API ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_rpc_add_server(const char * endpoint);
 

src/llama-context.cpp

@@ -1359,12 +1359,10 @@ llm_graph_result * llama_context::process_ubatch(const llama_ubatch & ubatch, ll
         res->reset();
 
         ggml_backend_sched_reset(sched.get());
-        auto * longhaul = model.longhaul_cache();
-        const bool local_longhaul = longhaul && !longhaul->is_remote();
         ggml_backend_sched_set_eval_callback(
             sched.get(),
-            local_longhaul ? longhaul_eval_callback : cparams.cb_eval,
+            model.longhaul_cache() ? longhaul_eval_callback : cparams.cb_eval,
-            local_longhaul ? this : cparams.cb_eval_user_data);
+            model.longhaul_cache() ? this : cparams.cb_eval_user_data);
 
         //const auto t_start_us = ggml_time_us();
 
@@ -2463,7 +2461,7 @@ llm_graph_params llama_context::graph_params(
 bool llama_context::longhaul_eval_callback(ggml_tensor * tensor, bool ask, void * user_data) {
     auto * ctx = static_cast<llama_context *>(user_data);
     auto * cache = ctx->model.longhaul_cache();
-    GGML_ASSERT(cache != nullptr && !cache->is_remote());
+    GGML_ASSERT(cache != nullptr);
 
     int layer = -1;
     const bool remap = sscanf(tensor->name, "longhaul.remap.%d", &layer) == 1;

src/llama-longhaul.cpp

@@ -1,108 +1,23 @@
 #include "llama-longhaul.h"
 
 #include "llama-impl.h"
-#include "llama-token-cache.h"
-
-#include "ggml-rpc.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <inttypes.h>
-#include <stdexcept>
 
 llama_longhaul_cache::llama_longhaul_cache(
         llama_files files,
         std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_source> sources,
-        std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_shard> shards,
         size_t n_slots,
         uint32_t n_experts,
-        uint32_t n_layers,
+        uint32_t n_layers) :
-        bool remote) :
     files(std::move(files)),
     sources(std::move(sources)),
-    shards(std::move(shards)),
     sources_by_layer(n_layers),
     layers(n_layers),
     n_slots(n_slots),
-    n_experts(n_experts),
+    n_experts(n_experts) {
-    remote(remote) {
-    if (remote) {
-        if (this->shards.size() != this->files.size() || this->sources.empty()) {
-            throw std::runtime_error("RPC longhaul requires named GGUF shards");
-        }
-        std::vector<std::array<uint8_t, 32>> digests(this->shards.size());
-        std::vector<ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_shard> rpc_shards(this->shards.size());
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < this->shards.size(); ++i) {
-            const auto & shard = this->shards[i];
-            if (shard.metadata_size > shard.size) {
-                throw std::runtime_error("invalid RPC longhaul shard metadata range");
-            }
-            std::vector<uint8_t> metadata(shard.metadata_size);
-            if (!metadata.empty()) {
-                this->files[i]->read_at(metadata.data(), metadata.size(), 0);
-            }
-            const std::string hex = llama_token_cache_hash(metadata.data(), metadata.size());
-            if (hex.size() != 64) {
-                throw std::runtime_error("failed to fingerprint RPC longhaul shard");
-            }
-            for (size_t j = 0; j < digests[i].size(); ++j) {
-                auto nibble = [](char c) -> uint8_t {
-                    if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return c - '0';
-                    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') return c - 'a' + 10;
-                    if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') return c - 'A' + 10;
-                    return 0xff;
-                };
-                const uint8_t hi = nibble(hex[2*j]);
-                const uint8_t lo = nibble(hex[2*j + 1]);
-                if (hi > 0x0f || lo > 0x0f) {
-                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid RPC longhaul shard fingerprint");
-                }
-                digests[i][j] = (hi << 4) | lo;
-            }
-            rpc_shards[i] = {
-                shard.name.c_str(),
-                shard.size,
-                shard.metadata_size,
-                {},
-            };
-            memcpy(rpc_shards[i].metadata_sha256, digests[i].data(), digests[i].size());
-        }
-
-        std::vector<ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_source> rpc_sources;
-        rpc_sources.reserve(this->sources.size());
-        for (const auto & source : this->sources) {
-            rpc_sources.push_back({
-                source.tensor,
-                source.file_idx,
-                source.offset,
-                source.expert_size,
-                source.layer,
-            });
-        }
-        ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_params params = {
-            n_layers,
-            n_experts,
-            (uint32_t) n_slots,
-            rpc_shards.size(),
-            rpc_shards.data(),
-            rpc_sources.size(),
-            rpc_sources.data(),
-        };
-        ggml_backend_reg_t reg = ggml_backend_reg_by_name("RPC");
-        auto register_fn = reg ? (decltype(ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_register) *)
-            ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_register") : nullptr;
-        if (!register_fn) {
-            throw std::runtime_error("RPC backend does not expose longhaul registration");
-        }
-        char error[256] = {};
-        if (!register_fn(&params, &remote_registration_id, error, sizeof(error))) {
-            throw std::runtime_error(error[0] ? error : "RPC longhaul registration failed");
-        }
-        this->files.clear();
-        return;
-    }
-
     for (auto & file : this->files) {
         file->set_no_cache();
     }
@@ -130,17 +45,6 @@ llama_longhaul_cache::llama_longhaul_cache(
 }
 
 llama_longhaul_cache::~llama_longhaul_cache() {
-    if (remote) {
-        if (!sources.empty() && remote_registration_id != 0) {
-            ggml_backend_reg_t reg = ggml_backend_reg_by_name("RPC");
-            auto unregister_fn = reg ? (decltype(ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_unregister) *)
-                ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_rpc_longhaul_unregister") : nullptr;
-            if (unregister_fn) {
-                unregister_fn(sources.front().tensor, remote_registration_id);
-            }
-        }
-        return;
-    }
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(io_mutex);
         io_stopping = true;
@@ -417,7 +321,3 @@ uint64_t llama_longhaul_cache::misses() const {
 uint64_t llama_longhaul_cache::bytes_read_count() const {
     return bytes_read;
 }
-
-bool llama_longhaul_cache::is_remote() const {
-    return remote;
-}

src/llama-longhaul.h

@@ -17,11 +17,9 @@ struct llama_longhaul_cache {
     llama_longhaul_cache(
         llama_files files,
         std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_source> sources,
-        std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_shard> shards,
         size_t n_slots,
         uint32_t n_experts,
-        uint32_t n_layers,
+        uint32_t n_layers);
-        bool remote);
     ~llama_longhaul_cache();
 
     bool remap(int layer, ggml_tensor * ids);
@@ -33,7 +31,6 @@ struct llama_longhaul_cache {
     bool failed() const;
     uint64_t misses() const;
     uint64_t bytes_read_count() const;
-    bool is_remote() const;
 
 private:
     struct layer_state {
@@ -52,7 +49,6 @@ private:
 
     llama_files files;
     std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_source> sources;
-    std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_shard> shards;
     std::vector<std::vector<const llama_model_loader::longhaul_source *>> sources_by_layer;
     std::vector<layer_state> layers;
     size_t n_slots;
@@ -88,8 +84,6 @@ private:
     std::condition_variable io_done;
     size_t io_pending = 0;
     bool io_stopping = false;
-    bool remote = false;
-    uint64_t remote_registration_id = 0;
 
     bool source_is_direct(const llama_model_loader::longhaul_source & source) const;
     bool load_plan_sources();

src/llama-mmap.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <mutex>
 
 #ifdef __has_include
     #if __has_include(<unistd.h>)
@@ -66,8 +67,12 @@ static std::string llama_format_win_err(DWORD err) {
 // llama_file
 
 struct llama_file::impl {
+    bool no_cache = false;
+
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     HANDLE fp_win32;
+    std::mutex read_at_mutex;
+
     std::string GetErrorMessageWin32(DWORD error_code) const {
         std::string ret;
         LPSTR lpMsgBuf = NULL;
@@ -433,6 +438,10 @@ void llama_file::read_raw_unsafe(void * ptr, size_t len) { pimpl->read_raw_unsaf
 
 void llama_file::read_at(void * ptr, size_t len, size_t offset) {
 #ifdef _WIN32
+    // The Windows FILE pointer is shared by all longhaul I/O workers. Keep the
+    // seek and read together so concurrent jobs cannot change each other's
+    // offsets. POSIX uses pread below and does not need this serialization.
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(pimpl->read_at_mutex);
     seek(offset, SEEK_SET);
     read_raw(ptr, len);
 #else
@@ -448,6 +457,13 @@ void llama_file::read_at(void * ptr, size_t len, size_t offset) {
         }
         n_read += result;
     }
+#if defined(__linux__) && defined(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED)
+    if (pimpl->no_cache) {
+        // Longhaul owns a bounded expert cache, so avoid retaining a second
+        // long-lived copy of completed reads in the kernel page cache.
+        (void) posix_fadvise(file_id(), (off_t) offset, (off_t) len, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
+    }
+#endif
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -456,6 +472,12 @@ void llama_file::set_no_cache() const {
     if (fcntl(file_id(), F_NOCACHE, 1) != 0) {
         throw std::runtime_error(format("failed to disable file cache: %s", strerror(errno)));
     }
+#elif defined(__linux__) && defined(POSIX_FADV_RANDOM)
+    pimpl->no_cache = true;
+    const int err = posix_fadvise(file_id(), 0, 0, POSIX_FADV_RANDOM);
+    if (err != 0) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: failed to set random-access file advice: %s\n", __func__, strerror(err));
+    }
 #endif
 }
 

src/llama-model-loader.cpp

@@ -594,11 +594,6 @@ llama_model_loader::llama_model_loader(
 
         files.emplace_back(new llama_file(fname.c_str(), "rb", use_direct_io));
         contexts.emplace_back(ctx);
-        longhaul_shards.push_back({
-            std::filesystem::path(fname).filename().string(),
-            files.back()->size(),
-            gguf_get_data_offset(metadata),
-        });
 
         // Save tensors data offset of the main file.
         // For subsidiary files, `meta` tensor data offset must not be used,
@@ -667,11 +662,6 @@ llama_model_loader::llama_model_loader(
 
                 files.emplace_back(new llama_file(fname_split, "rb", use_direct_io));
                 contexts.emplace_back(ctx);
-                longhaul_shards.push_back({
-                    std::filesystem::path(fname_split).filename().string(),
-                    files.back()->size(),
-                    gguf_get_data_offset(ctx_gguf.get()),
-                });
 
                 // Save tensors data offset info of the shard.
                 for (ggml_tensor * cur = ggml_get_first_tensor(ctx); cur; cur = ggml_get_next_tensor(ctx, cur)) {
@@ -1230,6 +1220,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * llama_model_loader::create_tensor(
         }
 
         ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft = nullptr;
+        ggml_backend_buffer_type_t requested_override = nullptr;
 
         // check overrides
         if (tensor_buft_overrides) {
@@ -1237,6 +1228,7 @@ struct ggml_tensor * llama_model_loader::create_tensor(
             for (const auto * overrides = tensor_buft_overrides; overrides->pattern != nullptr; ++overrides) {
                 std::regex pattern(overrides->pattern);
                 if (std::regex_search(tensor_name, pattern)) {
+                    requested_override = overrides->buft;
                     if (overrides->buft == ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type()) {
                         // when overriding to a CPU buffer, consider the extra buffer types
                         buft = select_weight_buft(hparams, t_meta, op, buft_list_cpu);
@@ -1266,6 +1258,25 @@ struct ggml_tensor * llama_model_loader::create_tensor(
             }
         }
 
+        // Streamed CPU experts are updated one expert slice at a time. CPU
+        // repack and accelerator buffers only accept whole-tensor updates, so
+        // keep these cache tensors in the standard, directly writable layout.
+        if ((flags & TENSOR_LONGHAUL) && buft_list == buft_list_cpu) {
+            auto * cpu_dev = ggml_backend_dev_by_type(GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU);
+            if (!cpu_dev) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("no CPU backend found");
+            }
+            ggml_backend_buffer_type_t cpu_buft = ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(cpu_dev);
+            if (requested_override != nullptr &&
+                requested_override != ggml_backend_cpu_buffer_type() &&
+                requested_override != cpu_buft) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(format(
+                    "longhaul CPU expert tensor '%s' has an incompatible buffer override",
+                    tn.str().c_str()));
+            }
+            buft = cpu_buft;
+        }
+
         // avoid using a host buffer when using mmap
         auto * buft_dev = ggml_backend_buft_get_device(buft);
         if (use_mmap && buft_dev && buft == ggml_backend_dev_host_buffer_type(buft_dev)) {

src/llama-model-loader.h

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 
 #include "ggml-cpp.h"
 
-#include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <map>
@@ -78,12 +77,6 @@ struct llama_model_loader {
         int layer;
     };
 
-    struct longhaul_shard {
-        std::string name;
-        uint64_t size;
-        uint64_t metadata_size;
-    };
-
     int n_kv      = 0;
     int n_tensors = 0;
     int n_created = 0;
@@ -122,7 +115,6 @@ struct llama_model_loader {
     std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>> mmaps_used;
     size_t longhaul_slots = 0;
     std::vector<longhaul_source> longhaul_sources;
-    std::vector<longhaul_shard> longhaul_shards;
 
     // define a comparator for the buft -> ctx map to ensure that the order is well-defined:
     struct ggml_backend_buft_comparator {

src/llama-model.cpp

@@ -1039,7 +1039,6 @@ struct llama_model::impl {
 
     std::vector<float> tensor_split_owned;
     std::unique_ptr<llama_longhaul_cache> longhaul;
-    bool longhaul_remote = false;
 };
 
 llama_model::llama_model(const llama_model_params & params) : params(params), pimpl(std::make_unique<impl>()) {
@@ -1366,36 +1365,27 @@ bool llama_model_base::load_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
             if (params.check_tensors || params.no_alloc || params.vocab_only) {
                 throw std::runtime_error("longhaul does not support check-tensors, no-alloc, or vocab-only loading");
             }
+            bool all_cpu = true;
             bool all_metal = true;
-            bool all_rpc = true;
             for (int il = 0; il < n_layer_all; ++il) {
                 ggml_backend_dev_t dev = pimpl->dev_layer[il].dev;
-                const char * reg_name = ggml_backend_reg_name(ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(dev));
+                const char * backend = ggml_backend_reg_name(ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(dev));
+                all_cpu = all_cpu && ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU;
                 all_metal = all_metal &&
                     ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU &&
-                    strcmp(reg_name, "MTL") == 0;
+                    strcmp(backend, "MTL") == 0;
-                all_rpc = all_rpc &&
-                    ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) == GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU &&
-                    strcmp(reg_name, "RPC") == 0;
             }
-            if (!all_metal && !all_rpc) {
+            if (!all_cpu && !all_metal) {
                 throw std::runtime_error(
-                    "longhaul requires all model layers on local Metal or one RPC device");
+                    "longhaul requires every repeating model layer on CPU or Metal; "
+                    "use --n-gpu-layers 0 for CPU mode");
             }
-            if (all_metal) {
 #if !defined(__APPLE__)
-                throw std::runtime_error("local longhaul is only supported on macOS");
+            if (all_metal) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("longhaul Metal mode is only supported on macOS");
+            }
 #endif
-            } else {
+            LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: longhaul using %s expert cache\n", __func__, all_cpu ? "CPU" : "Metal");
-                ggml_backend_dev_t first = pimpl->dev_layer.front().dev;
-                for (int il = 1; il < n_layer_all; ++il) {
-                    if (pimpl->dev_layer[il].dev != first) {
-                        throw std::runtime_error(
-                            "RPC longhaul v1 requires every model layer on one RPC device");
-                    }
-                }
-                pimpl->longhaul_remote = true;
-            }
             ml.configure_longhaul(params.longhaul_cache_bytes, n_expert, n_layer_all);
             if (ml.longhaul_slots < (size_t) n_expert_used) {
                 LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: longhaul cache has %zu slots for %lld selected experts; "
@@ -1715,8 +1705,7 @@ bool llama_model_base::load_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
 
     if (params.load_mode == LLAMA_LOAD_MODE_LONGHAUL) {
         pimpl->longhaul = std::make_unique<llama_longhaul_cache>(
-            std::move(ml.files), std::move(ml.longhaul_sources), std::move(ml.longhaul_shards),
+            std::move(ml.files), std::move(ml.longhaul_sources), ml.longhaul_slots, hparams.n_expert, hparams.n_layer_all);
-            ml.longhaul_slots, hparams.n_expert, hparams.n_layer_all, pimpl->longhaul_remote);
     }
 
     return true;

src/llama.cpp

@@ -263,10 +263,6 @@ static bool llama_prepare_model_devices(const llama_model_params & params, llama
             }
         }
 
-        if (params.load_mode == LLAMA_LOAD_MODE_LONGHAUL && !rpc_servers.empty()) {
-            // RPC longhaul v1 keeps the entire paging domain on one remote device.
-            model->devices.push_back(rpc_servers.front());
-        } else {
         // add RPC servers at the front of the list to minimize network transfers
         model->devices.insert(model->devices.begin(), rpc_servers.begin(), rpc_servers.end());
 
@@ -279,7 +275,6 @@ static bool llama_prepare_model_devices(const llama_model_params & params, llama
             model->devices.insert(model->devices.end(), igpus.begin(), igpus.end());
         }
     }
-    }
 
     // if using single GPU mode, remove all except the main GPU
     if (params.split_mode == LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_NONE && !model->devices.empty()) {

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -259,6 +259,22 @@ set_tests_properties(test-thread-safety PROPERTIES FIXTURES_REQUIRED test-downlo
 
 llama_build_and_test(test-arg-parser.cpp)
 llama_build_and_test(test-longhaul.cpp)
+llama_test(
+    test-longhaul
+    NAME test-longhaul-cpu-qwen35moe
+    ARGS --cpu-model "${MODEL_DIR}/qwen35moe-moe.gguf" 3145728
+)
+set_tests_properties(test-longhaul-cpu-qwen35moe PROPERTIES
+    FIXTURES_REQUIRED generate-models
+)
+llama_test(
+    test-longhaul
+    NAME test-longhaul-cpu-laguna
+    ARGS --cpu-model "${MODEL_DIR}/laguna-moe.gguf" 2097152
+)
+set_tests_properties(test-longhaul-cpu-laguna PROPERTIES
+    FIXTURES_REQUIRED generate-models
+)
 llama_build_and_test(test-token-cache.cpp)
 target_include_directories(test-token-cache PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src)
 

tests/test-llama-archs.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 // TODO: replace with #include "llama-ext.h" in the future
 #include "../src/llama-arch.h"
+#include "../src/llama-model.h"
 #include "../src/llama-model-saver.h"
 
 #include <cinttypes>
@@ -476,7 +477,9 @@ static int save_models(const llm_arch target_arch, const size_t seed, const ggml
             if (!moe && moe_mandatory(arch)) {
                 continue;
             }
-            if (!llama_model_saver_supports_arch(arch) || !arch_supported(arch)) {
+            const bool can_save_fixture =
+                llama_model_saver_supports_arch(arch) || arch == LLM_ARCH_LAGUNA;
+            if (!can_save_fixture || !arch_supported(arch)) {
                 LOG_INF("%s: %s model (%s) is unsupported, skipping\n", __func__, llm_arch_name(arch), moe ? "MoE" : "dense");
                 continue;
             }
@@ -484,7 +487,20 @@ static int save_models(const llm_arch target_arch, const size_t seed, const ggml
             auto model_and_ctx = get_model_and_ctx(gguf_ctx.get(), nullptr, seed, {});
             const std::string path = dir + "/" + llm_arch_name(arch) + (moe ? "-moe.gguf" : "-dense.gguf");
             LOG_INF("%s: Saving %s model (%s) to %s...\n", __func__, llm_arch_name(arch), moe ? "MoE" : "dense", path.c_str());
+            if (llama_model_saver_supports_arch(arch)) {
                 llama_model_save_to_file(model_and_ctx.first.get(), path.c_str());
+            } else {
+                // Laguna is not supported by the production model saver yet.
+                // Preserve the exact synthetic fixture metadata and attach the
+                // initialized model tensors so longhaul can be tested from a
+                // real file without broadening the saver API.
+                gguf_context_ptr fixture(gguf_init_empty());
+                gguf_set_kv(fixture.get(), gguf_ctx.get());
+                for (const auto & item : llama_internal_get_tensor_map(model_and_ctx.first.get())) {
+                    gguf_add_tensor(fixture.get(), item.second);
+                }
+                gguf_write_to_file(fixture.get(), path.c_str(), false);
+            }
         }
     }
     llama_log_set(ud.original_logger.callback, ud.original_logger.user_data);

tests/test-longhaul.cpp

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 #include "testing.h"
 
 #include "../src/llama-longhaul.h"
+#include "../src/llama-model.h"
 
 #include "ggml-backend.h"
+#include "llama-cpp.h"
 
+#include <cmath>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 struct longhaul_fixture {
@@ -58,8 +63,7 @@ struct longhaul_fixture {
             sources.push_back({ weights_b, 0, n_experts * expert_size, expert_size, 0 });
         }
         cache = std::make_unique<llama_longhaul_cache>(
-            std::move(files), std::move(sources), std::vector<llama_model_loader::longhaul_shard>{},
+            std::move(files), std::move(sources), n_slots, n_experts, 1);
-            n_slots, n_experts, 1, false);
     }
 
     ~longhaul_fixture() {
@@ -129,6 +133,32 @@ static void test_multiple_sources(testing & t) {
     t.assert_equal(uint8_t(34), fixture.slot_value(fixture.weights_b, remapped[1]));
 }
 
+static void test_concurrent_source_reads(testing & t) {
+    longhaul_fixture fixture(2, 4, true);
+
+    for (int iteration = 0; iteration < 64; ++iteration) {
+        const int32_t first = iteration % 2 == 0 ? 0 : 2;
+        const int32_t second = first + 1;
+        const auto remapped = fixture.remap({first, second});
+
+        if (!t.assert_equal(2u, remapped.size())) {
+            return;
+        }
+        t.assert_equal(
+            uint8_t(1 + first),
+            fixture.slot_value(fixture.weights_a, remapped[0]));
+        t.assert_equal(
+            uint8_t(33 + first),
+            fixture.slot_value(fixture.weights_b, remapped[0]));
+        t.assert_equal(
+            uint8_t(1 + second),
+            fixture.slot_value(fixture.weights_a, remapped[1]));
+        t.assert_equal(
+            uint8_t(33 + second),
+            fixture.slot_value(fixture.weights_b, remapped[1]));
+    }
+}
+
 static void test_invalid_ids(testing & t) {
     longhaul_fixture fixture(2, 4);
 
@@ -153,8 +183,110 @@ static void test_read_failure_recovery(testing & t) {
     t.assert_equal(uint8_t(1), fixture.slot_value(fixture.weights_a, remapped[0]));
 }
 
+struct cpu_decode_result {
+    std::vector<float> logits;
+    uint32_t capacity = 0;
+    uint64_t misses = 0;
+    uint64_t bytes_read = 0;
+    bool expert_buffer_is_host = false;
+};
+
+static cpu_decode_result decode_cpu_model(
+        const std::string & path,
+        llama_load_mode load_mode,
+        uint64_t cache_bytes) {
+    llama_model_params model_params = llama_model_default_params();
+    model_params.n_gpu_layers = 0;
+    model_params.load_mode = load_mode;
+    model_params.longhaul_cache_bytes = cache_bytes;
+    model_params.use_extra_bufts = true;
+
+    llama_model_ptr model(llama_model_load_from_file(path.c_str(), model_params));
+    if (!model) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to load CPU model: " + path);
+    }
+
+    llama_context_params context_params = llama_context_default_params();
+    context_params.n_ctx = 32;
+    context_params.n_batch = 8;
+    context_params.n_ubatch = 8;
+    context_params.n_threads = 2;
+    context_params.n_threads_batch = 2;
+
+    llama_context_ptr context(llama_init_from_model(model.get(), context_params));
+    if (!context) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create CPU context: " + path);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<llama_token> tokens = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
+    llama_batch batch = llama_batch_get_one(tokens.data(), tokens.size());
+    if (llama_decode(context.get(), batch) != 0) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("failed to decode CPU model: " + path);
+    }
+
+    const int32_t n_vocab = llama_vocab_n_tokens(llama_model_get_vocab(model.get()));
+    const float * logits = llama_get_logits_ith(context.get(), -1);
+    if (!logits) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("CPU model produced no logits: " + path);
+    }
+
+    cpu_decode_result result;
+    result.logits.assign(logits, logits + n_vocab);
+
+    if (load_mode == LLAMA_LOAD_MODE_LONGHAUL) {
+        llama_longhaul_cache * cache = model->longhaul_cache();
+        if (!cache) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("longhaul cache was not created: " + path);
+        }
+        result.capacity = cache->capacity();
+        result.misses = cache->misses();
+        result.bytes_read = cache->bytes_read_count();
+
+        for (const auto & item : llama_internal_get_tensor_map(model.get())) {
+            const std::string & name = item.first;
+            if (name.find("ffn_") != std::string::npos &&
+                name.find("_exps.weight") != std::string::npos &&
+                item.second->ne[2] == result.capacity) {
+                result.expert_buffer_is_host = ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(item.second->buffer);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void test_cpu_model(
+        testing & t,
+        const std::string & path,
+        uint64_t cache_bytes) {
+    const cpu_decode_result regular =
+        decode_cpu_model(path, LLAMA_LOAD_MODE_NONE, 0);
+    const cpu_decode_result longhaul =
+        decode_cpu_model(path, LLAMA_LOAD_MODE_LONGHAUL, cache_bytes);
+
+    t.assert_equal(1u, longhaul.capacity);
+    t.assert_true("longhaul loaded at least one expert", longhaul.misses > 0);
+    t.assert_true("longhaul read expert bytes", longhaul.bytes_read > 0);
+    t.assert_true("streamed experts use a directly writable host buffer", longhaul.expert_buffer_is_host);
+    t.assert_equal(regular.logits.size(), longhaul.logits.size());
+
+    double squared_error = 0.0;
+    double squared_reference = 0.0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < regular.logits.size(); ++i) {
+        const double delta = double(regular.logits[i]) - double(longhaul.logits[i]);
+        squared_error += delta * delta;
+        squared_reference += double(regular.logits[i]) * double(regular.logits[i]);
+    }
+    const double nmse = squared_reference > 0.0 ? squared_error / squared_reference : squared_error;
+    t.assert_true(
+        "longhaul CPU logits NMSE = " + std::to_string(nmse),
+        std::isfinite(nmse) && nmse <= 1e-6);
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     testing t;
+    llama_backend_init();
 
     const char * verbose = getenv("LLAMA_TEST_VERBOSE");
     if (verbose) {
@@ -164,14 +296,28 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         llama_log_set([](ggml_log_level, const char *, void *) {}, nullptr);
     }
 
+    if (argc == 4 && std::string(argv[1]) == "--cpu-model") {
+        const std::string path = argv[2];
+        const uint64_t cache_bytes = std::stoull(argv[3]);
+        t.test("cpu_model", [&](testing & current) {
+            test_cpu_model(current, path, cache_bytes);
+        });
+        const int result = t.summary();
+        llama_backend_free();
+        return result;
+    }
+
     if (argc > 1) {
         t.set_filter(argv[1]);
     }
 
     t.test("batch_planning",  test_batch_planning);
     t.test("multiple_sources", test_multiple_sources);
+    t.test("concurrent_reads", test_concurrent_source_reads);
     t.test("invalid_ids",     test_invalid_ids);
     t.test("read_failure",    test_read_failure_recovery);
 
-    return t.summary();
+    const int result = t.summary();
+    llama_backend_free();
+    return result;
 }

tools/cli/README.md

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 | `--mmap, --no-mmap` | DEPRECATED in favor of `--load-mode`: whether to memory-map model. (if mmap disabled, slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MMAP) |
 | `-dio, --direct-io, -ndio, --no-direct-io` | DEPRECATED in favor of `--load-mode`: use DirectIO if available<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DIO) |
 | `-lm, --load-mode MODE` | model loading mode (default: mmap)<br/>- none: no special loading mode<br/>- mmap: memory-map model (if mmap disabled, slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>- mlock: force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>- mmap+mlock: mmap + force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>- dio: use DirectIO if available<br/>- longhaul: stream routed MoE experts through a bounded cache<br/><br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LOAD_MODE) |
-| `--longhaul` | stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE experts through a bounded Metal cache<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL) |
+| `--longhaul` | stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE or Laguna experts through a bounded CPU or Metal cache<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL) |
 | `--longhaul-cache N` | longhaul expert cache size in GiB<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL_CACHE) |
 | `--numa TYPE` | attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems<br/>- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes<br/>- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on<br/>- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl<br/>if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this<br/>see https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/1437<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NUMA) |
 | `-dev, --device <dev1,dev2,..>` | comma-separated list of devices to use for offloading (none = don't offload)<br/>use --list-devices to see a list of available devices<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DEVICE) |

tools/completion/README.md

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ llama-completion.exe -m models\gemma-1.1-7b-it.Q4_K_M.gguf --ignore-eos -n -1
 | `--mmap, --no-mmap` | DEPRECATED in favor of `--load-mode`: whether to memory-map model. (if mmap disabled, slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MMAP) |
 | `-dio, --direct-io, -ndio, --no-direct-io` | DEPRECATED in favor of `--load-mode`: use DirectIO if available<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DIO) |
 | `-lm, --load-mode MODE` | model loading mode (default: mmap)<br/>- none: no special loading mode<br/>- mmap: memory-map model (if mmap disabled, slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>- mlock: force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>- mmap+mlock: mmap + force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>- dio: use DirectIO if available<br/>- longhaul: stream routed MoE experts through a bounded cache<br/><br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LOAD_MODE) |
-| `--longhaul` | stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE experts through a bounded Metal cache<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL) |
+| `--longhaul` | stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE or Laguna experts through a bounded CPU or Metal cache<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL) |
 | `--longhaul-cache N` | longhaul expert cache size in GiB<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL_CACHE) |
 | `--numa TYPE` | attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems<br/>- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes<br/>- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on<br/>- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl<br/>if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this<br/>see https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/1437<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NUMA) |
 | `-dev, --device <dev1,dev2,..>` | comma-separated list of devices to use for offloading (none = don't offload)<br/>use --list-devices to see a list of available devices<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DEVICE) |

tools/rpc/README.md

@@ -36,17 +36,6 @@ flowchart TD
 By default, `ggml-rpc-server` exposes all available accelerator devices on the host.
 If there are no accelerators, it exposes a single `CPU` device.
 
-For server-resident longhaul MoE paging, place the same GGUF shards on the RPC
-host and point the server at their directory:
-
-```sh
-$ bin/ggml-rpc-server --device MTL0 --longhaul-root /path/to/model-directory
-```
-
-The client can then use `--rpc`, `--longhaul`, and `--longhaul-cache` together.
-RPC longhaul v1 requires one remote Metal device. Expert cache misses are read
-from the RPC host's local files rather than uploaded by the client.
-
 ## Usage
 
 ### Remote hosts
@@ -118,3 +107,4 @@ Use the `GGML_RPC_DEBUG` environment variable to enable debug messages from `ggm
 ```bash
 $ GGML_RPC_DEBUG=1 bin/ggml-rpc-server
 ```
+

tools/rpc/rpc-server.cpp

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <clocale>
 #include <codecvt>
-#include <cstring>
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <regex>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -174,7 +173,6 @@ struct rpc_server_params {
     std::string              host        = "127.0.0.1";
     int                      port        = 50052;
     bool                     use_cache   = false;
-    std::string              longhaul_root;
     int                      n_threads   = std::max(1U, std::thread::hardware_concurrency()/2);
     std::vector<std::string> devices;
 };
@@ -188,7 +186,6 @@ static void print_usage(int /*argc*/, char ** argv, rpc_server_params params) {
     fprintf(stderr, "  -H, --host HOST                  host to bind to (default: %s)\n", params.host.c_str());
     fprintf(stderr, "  -p, --port PORT                  port to bind to (default: %d)\n", params.port);
     fprintf(stderr, "  -c, --cache                      enable local file cache\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "      --longhaul-root PATH         serve longhaul expert data from this model directory\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 }
 
@@ -236,11 +233,6 @@ static bool rpc_server_params_parse(int argc, char ** argv, rpc_server_params &
             }
         } else if (arg == "-c" || arg == "--cache") {
             params.use_cache = true;
-        } else if (arg == "--longhaul-root") {
-            if (++i >= argc) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            params.longhaul_root = argv[i];
         } else if (arg == "-h" || arg == "--help") {
             print_usage(argc, argv, params);
             exit(0);
@@ -321,23 +313,6 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
         fprintf(stderr, "No devices found\n");
         return 1;
     }
-
-    if (!params.longhaul_root.empty()) {
-        std::error_code ec;
-        const auto root = std::filesystem::canonical(params.longhaul_root, ec);
-        if (ec || !std::filesystem::is_directory(root, ec)) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid longhaul root: %s\n", params.longhaul_root.c_str());
-            return 1;
-        }
-        params.longhaul_root = root.string();
-        for (auto * dev : devices) {
-            auto * dev_reg = ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(dev);
-            if (!dev_reg || strcmp(ggml_backend_reg_name(dev_reg), "MTL") != 0) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "--longhaul-root currently requires Metal devices\n");
-                return 1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
     std::string endpoint = params.host + ":" + std::to_string(params.port);
     const char * cache_dir = nullptr;
     std::string cache_dir_str;
@@ -356,19 +331,12 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
         return 1;
     }
 
-    auto start_server_fn = (decltype(ggml_backend_rpc_start_server_with_options)*)
+    auto start_server_fn = (decltype(ggml_backend_rpc_start_server)*) ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_rpc_start_server");
-        ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, "ggml_backend_rpc_start_server_with_options");
     if (!start_server_fn) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to obtain RPC backend start server function with options\n");
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to obtain RPC backend start server function\n");
         return 1;
     }
 
-    start_server_fn(
+    start_server_fn(endpoint.c_str(), cache_dir, params.n_threads, devices.size(), devices.data());
-        endpoint.c_str(),
-        cache_dir,
-        params.longhaul_root.empty() ? nullptr : params.longhaul_root.c_str(),
-        params.n_threads,
-        devices.size(),
-        devices.data());
     return 0;
 }

tools/server/README.md

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ For the full list of features, please refer to [server's changelog](https://gith
 | `--mmap, --no-mmap` | DEPRECATED in favor of `--load-mode`: whether to memory-map model. (if mmap disabled, slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_MMAP) |
 | `-dio, --direct-io, -ndio, --no-direct-io` | DEPRECATED in favor of `--load-mode`: use DirectIO if available<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DIO) |
 | `-lm, --load-mode MODE` | model loading mode (default: mmap)<br/>- none: no special loading mode<br/>- mmap: memory-map model (if mmap disabled, slower load but may reduce pageouts if not using mlock)<br/>- mlock: force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>- mmap+mlock: mmap + force system to keep model in RAM rather than swapping or compressing<br/>- dio: use DirectIO if available<br/>- longhaul: stream routed MoE experts through a bounded cache<br/><br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LOAD_MODE) |
-| `--longhaul` | stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE experts through a bounded Metal cache<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL) |
+| `--longhaul` | stream routed Qwen3.5 MoE or Laguna experts through a bounded CPU or Metal cache<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL) |
 | `--longhaul-cache N` | longhaul expert cache size in GiB<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_LONGHAUL_CACHE) |
 | `--numa TYPE` | attempt optimizations that help on some NUMA systems<br/>- distribute: spread execution evenly over all nodes<br/>- isolate: only spawn threads on CPUs on the node that execution started on<br/>- numactl: use the CPU map provided by numactl<br/>if run without this previously, it is recommended to drop the system page cache before using this<br/>see https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/issues/1437<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_NUMA) |
 | `-dev, --device <dev1,dev2,..>` | comma-separated list of devices to use for offloading (none = don't offload)<br/>use --list-devices to see a list of available devices<br/>(env: LLAMA_ARG_DEVICE) |